Species Invasions and the Limits to Restoration

"Three general predictions can be made about the outcomes of restoration in ecosystems that have undergone substantial biotic change as a result of species invasion.

1) Outcomes will be novel in that the ecosystems resulting from restoration will contain species assemblages and interactions that are new for the site and will include exotic species.

2) With multiple species invasions, control or eradication of one or some species will not necessarily result in desired outcomes because of changes in interactions among other species.

3) Where eradication is not possible, restoration will require ongoing management of invasive species if specific outcome conditions are desired (Science)."